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Decoding Solana (SOL): A Beginner’s Guide to the High-Speed Blockchain

John: Welcome, readers, to another edition of Blockchain Bulletin! Today, we’re diving deep into a fascinating project that’s been making waves in the crypto space: Solana, and its native token, SOL. It’s often touted as a high-performance blockchain, designed for speed and scalability. We’ll unpack what that really means.

Lila: Hi John! Excited to co-author this. So, “high-performance blockchain” – that sounds impressive. What exactly sets Solana apart from, say, Bitcoin or Ethereum in terms of performance? And what’s the main purpose of the SOL token itself?

Basic Info: What is Solana (SOL)?

John: Excellent questions to start with, Lila. Solana was conceived by Anatoly Yakovenko in late 2017. The core idea was to solve the scalability trilemma – the challenge of creating a blockchain that is simultaneously decentralized, secure, and scalable (able to handle many transactions quickly). Traditional blockchains like Bitcoin can process around 7 transactions per second (TPS), and Ethereum, before its recent upgrades, was around 15-30 TPS. Solana, on the other hand, theoretically aims for tens of thousands of TPS.

Lila: Tens of thousands! That’s a huge leap. How does it achieve that? Is it just about processing transactions faster?

John: It’s about a collection of innovative technologies working in concert, which we’ll explore in detail later. But fundamentally, Solana aims to be a global state machine (a computer that everyone can trust to execute programs and store data transparently) that can support decentralized applications (dApps – apps that run on a blockchain) at a scale comparable to the traditional internet. Think Visa-level transaction speeds, but for decentralized systems. The SOL token is the lifeblood of this network. It’s used for paying transaction fees, for staking (locking up tokens to help secure the network and earn rewards), and for governance (participating in decisions about the future of the protocol).

Lila: So, SOL isn’t just for speculation; it has real utility within the Solana ecosystem. Is the goal to power everything from decentralized finance (DeFi – financial services on blockchain) to games and marketplaces?

John: Precisely. The vision is broad: to provide the foundational infrastructure for a new generation of decentralized applications that require high throughput and low latency (minimal delay). This includes DeFi protocols, non-fungible token (NFT – unique digital asset) marketplaces, Web3 gaming platforms, decentralized social media, and much more. The low transaction fees, typically fractions of a cent, are also a major draw for both developers and users, especially when compared to Ethereum’s often high gas fees (transaction costs).

Supply Details: Understanding SOL’s Tokenomics

John: Now, let’s talk about the SOL token’s supply and economics, often called tokenomics (the economics of a crypto token). Unlike Bitcoin, which has a hard cap of 21 million coins, Solana has an inflationary model. It started with an initial total supply of around 500 million SOL tokens.

Lila: Inflationary? That means more SOL tokens are created over time, right? How does that work, and doesn’t it devalue existing tokens? And what’s the difference between total supply and circulating supply?

John: Correct, more SOL are introduced into the ecosystem. The initial inflation rate was set around 8% annually, designed to decrease by 15% each year until it reaches a long-term, stable inflation rate of 1.5%. This inflation primarily serves as rewards for stakers who help secure the network. While inflation can exert downward pressure on price if demand doesn’t keep pace, the idea is that network growth, utility, and transaction fee burning can offset this. Circulating supply refers to the tokens that are publicly available and actively trading. Total supply includes all tokens ever created, including those locked up for staking, held by the team or foundation, or not yet released into circulation.

Lila: So, a portion of the transaction fees are burned? What does “burning” mean in this context?

John: Yes, a percentage of each transaction fee paid in SOL is burned, meaning it’s permanently removed from circulation. This acts as a deflationary mechanism. If the network activity is high enough, the amount of SOL burned could potentially offset the new SOL created through inflation, or even lead to a net deflationary effect over time. This balance between inflation (for staking rewards) and fee burning (for deflationary pressure) is a key aspect of Solana’s tokenomics.

Lila: That’s an interesting dynamic. It sounds like the health and activity of the network directly influence the token’s supply mechanics. Is there a maximum supply planned, or will it keep inflating indefinitely at that 1.5% rate?

John: The current model aims for that long-term stable inflation rate of 1.5% to continue indefinitely. This ensures that stakers are always incentivized to secure the network. The idea is that the value derived from a secure and functioning high-performance blockchain outweighs concerns about perpetual low-level inflation, especially if coupled with robust fee-burning mechanisms and growing adoption.

Technical Mechanism: The Secret Sauce Behind Solana’s Speed

John: This is where Solana truly distinguishes itself. It’s not just one innovation, but a suite of eight core technologies that work together. The most famous is arguably Proof-of-History (PoH).

Lila: Proof-of-History? That’s a new one for me. Bitcoin uses Proof-of-Work (PoW – solving complex math problems), and many others use Proof-of-Stake (PoS – locking up tokens to validate). How does PoH fit in?

John: PoH isn’t actually a consensus mechanism (a way for network participants to agree on the state of the blockchain) itself, like PoW or PoS. Instead, it’s a cryptographic clock that provides a verifiable and ordered sequence of events. Imagine a VDF, or Verifiable Delay Function. It’s a function that takes a certain number of sequential steps to evaluate, and it produces a unique output that can be publicly verified. Solana uses this to create a historical record of events, timestamping transactions *before* they are bundled into a block. This makes it much easier and faster for validators (network participants who confirm transactions) to agree on the order of transactions because they have a trusted, common reference of time.

Lila: So PoH creates a sort of tamper-proof timestamp for everything? Does Solana use PoS at all then for the actual consensus?

John: Exactly. PoH provides the “when,” and then Solana uses a PoS consensus mechanism for block validation and leader selection. Specifically, it employs a system called Tower BFT (Byzantine Fault Tolerance), which is a PoH-optimized version of Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance. Because PoH already establishes a clear order of events, Tower BFT can reach consensus much more quickly than traditional BFT systems, as much of the messaging overhead related to agreeing on time and order is eliminated.

Lila: Okay, so PoH speeds up PoS. That makes sense. What are some of the other core technologies? I’ve heard terms like Turbine and Gulf Stream.

John: Certainly. Let’s break them down:

• Turbine: This is a block propagation protocol (how blocks of transactions are spread across the network). When a leader (a validator chosen to produce a block) creates a block, Turbine breaks it into smaller, manageable packets. These packets are then fanned out to a set of validators called a “neighborhood.” Each validator in the neighborhood retransmits its received packets to its own distinct neighborhood, and so on. This is much more efficient than trying to send the entire large block to every validator at once, significantly reducing bandwidth requirements and speeding up propagation.
• Gulf Stream: This protocol addresses the issue of the mempool (the waiting area for unconfirmed transactions). In many blockchains, transactions sit in a mempool, and validators pick them to include in blocks. This can become a bottleneck. Gulf Stream pushes transaction caching and forwarding to the edges of the network. Clients and validators forward transactions to expected future leaders well in advance. This allows leaders to start executing transactions even before they are formally bundled into a block, reducing confirmation times and mempool pressure.

Lila: So Turbine helps blocks travel faster, and Gulf Stream gets transactions to the validators quicker, even before they’re officially “up next.” What about actually processing all these transactions and smart contracts (self-executing code on the blockchain)?

John: That’s where Sealevel comes in. It’s Solana’s parallel smart contract runtime. Most blockchains execute smart contracts sequentially – one after another. Sealevel can process tens of thousands of smart contracts in parallel, leveraging multi-core processors. It identifies non-overlapping transactions (transactions that don’t affect the same pieces of state) and executes them simultaneously. This is a massive contributor to Solana’s high TPS.

Lila: Parallel processing for smart contracts! That sounds incredibly efficient. Are there more? You mentioned eight core innovations.

John: Indeed. We also have:

• Pipelining: This is a common technique in CPU design. On Solana, it’s a Transaction Processing Unit (TPU) that optimizes how transaction data is handled through the various stages: data fetching, signature verification, execution, and writing to the ledger. Each stage works on different batches of transactions simultaneously, like an assembly line, ensuring that all parts of the hardware are always busy.
• Cloudbreak: This is Solana’s horizontally-scaled accounts database. As the amount of data (account states) on the blockchain grows, it becomes challenging to manage and access quickly. Cloudbreak uses memory-mapped files and distributes data across multiple drives in a way that allows for concurrent reads and writes, optimized for the kind of access patterns blockchains have. This helps Solana maintain performance even as the ledger grows.
• Archivers: For data storage. Validators don’t need to store the entire blockchain history. Archivers are a distributed network of nodes that store pieces of the state. They are periodically asked to prove they are storing the data correctly. This lightens the load on validators.

So, you can see it’s a complex, interconnected system designed from the ground up for speed and parallelism.

Lila: Wow, that’s an incredible amount of engineering. Each piece seems to solve a specific bottleneck that other blockchains face. It’s like they took a holistic look at how a blockchain works and optimized every single step.

Team & Community: The People Behind Solana

John: Absolutely. The vision and execution come from a highly experienced team. As mentioned, Anatoly Yakovenko is the co-founder and CEO of Solana Labs. He has a strong background in distributed systems and compression algorithms from his time at Qualcomm. He’s joined by other co-founders like Greg Fitzgerald (CTO), Stephen Akridge, and Raj Gokal (COO), many of whom also have deep experience from Qualcomm and other tech giants.

Lila: So, Solana Labs is the primary company developing the core protocol? Is there a separate foundation, like with Ethereum?

John: Yes, there’s the Solana Foundation, based in Zug, Switzerland. It’s a non-profit organization dedicated to the decentralization, growth, and security of the Solana network. While Solana Labs focuses on core engineering and product development, the Foundation supports ecosystem development through grants, community building, education, and fostering decentralization initiatives. They play a crucial role in nurturing the broader community of developers, validators, and users.

Lila: That makes sense – Labs builds the engine, Foundation helps build the ecosystem around it. How active is the developer community on Solana? Is it easy for new developers to get started?

John: The developer community is one of Solana’s strongest assets. It’s known for being vibrant and rapidly growing. There’s a wealth of documentation, tools, and SDKs (Software Development Kits – tools for building apps) available, primarily supporting Rust, C, and C++ for on-chain programs (smart contracts). They also have JavaScript/TypeScript support for client-side interactions. The Solana Foundation and various ecosystem partners regularly host hackathons (coding competitions), workshops, and provide grants, which has attracted a lot of talent. The focus on performance makes it appealing for developers building demanding applications.

Lila: Rust is known for its performance and safety, so that choice makes sense for a high-speed chain. It sounds like there’s a lot of support for builders.

Use-Cases & Future Outlook: What Can You Do With Solana?

John: Given its speed and low transaction costs, Solana has become a popular platform for a variety of use-cases.

• Decentralized Finance (DeFi): This is a major one. Solana hosts numerous DeFi protocols for lending, borrowing, decentralized exchanges (DEXs – platforms for trading crypto without an intermediary), yield farming (earning rewards by providing liquidity), and derivatives. Projects like Serum (a DEX built by FTX, though its future is now tied to the broader ecosystem efforts), Raydium, and Marinade Finance are prominent examples.
• Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs): Solana emerged as a strong competitor to Ethereum for NFTs due to its low minting (creating an NFT) costs and fast transaction times. Marketplaces like Magic Eden and OpenSea (which added Solana support) see significant volume.
• Web3 Gaming: The high throughput is very attractive for blockchain-based games that require frequent, low-cost interactions. Games like Star Atlas and Aurory are building ambitious experiences on Solana.
• Payments and Micropayments: Solana Pay, a protocol for peer-to-peer payments, aims to make crypto payments seamless and cheap for merchants and consumers. The speed and low cost make micropayments feasible.
• Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks (DePIN): Projects like Helium (decentralized wireless network) and Hivemapper (decentralized mapping) have migrated to or are built on Solana, leveraging its ability to handle large volumes of real-world data transactions.

Lila: DePIN is a new term for me! So that’s about using blockchain to coordinate real-world hardware? That’s fascinating. What about the future? What’s on the horizon for Solana?

John: The primary focus remains on enhancing network stability, scalability, and decentralization. A major upcoming development is Firedancer. This is a new independent validator client being built by Jump Crypto. Most blockchains rely on a single dominant client software, which can be a single point of failure. Having multiple, independently developed clients like Firedancer significantly improves network resilience. Firedancer is also being engineered for even greater performance, potentially pushing Solana’s TPS capabilities even higher.

Lila: So Firedancer is like having a backup engine design, but also a potentially faster one? That sounds like a big step for network health. Are there other areas they’re focusing on?

John: Absolutely. Continued improvements to the core protocol, fostering the growth of diverse dApps, improving the developer experience, and expanding global adoption are all key priorities. They’re also working on things like state compression, which can drastically reduce the cost of on-chain storage for certain types of applications, like NFTs, making them even more accessible.

Competitor Comparison: Solana vs. The Others

John: In the competitive landscape of Layer 1 blockchains (base-level blockchains), Solana is often compared to several major players.

• Ethereum (ETH): The incumbent smart contract platform. Ethereum has a massive network effect, a huge developer community, and the largest DeFi/NFT ecosystem. However, it has historically struggled with high gas fees and slower transaction speeds, though recent upgrades like The Merge and Layer 2 scaling solutions (separate chains that process transactions off the main Ethereum chain) are addressing this. Solana competes on raw speed and cost.
• Cardano (ADA): Known for its research-driven, peer-reviewed approach to development. Cardano focuses on sustainability, scalability, and interoperability (ability to work with other blockchains). Its development has been more methodical and slower than Solana’s, but it boasts a strong, dedicated community.
• Polkadot (DOT): Focuses on interoperability and enabling a multi-chain future through its “parachain” (parallel, application-specific chains) architecture. It allows specialized blockchains to connect and communicate within its ecosystem.
• Avalanche (AVAX): Another high-throughput platform that uses a novel consensus mechanism and subnets (customizable blockchains) for scalability.

Solana’s key differentiators remain its exceptionally high theoretical TPS, low transaction fees, and its unique technological stack centered around Proof-of-History.

Lila: So, if Ethereum is like the established, bustling city that’s undergoing major renovations to handle more traffic, Solana is like a brand new, ultra-modern city designed from the ground up for speed and efficiency. But perhaps that new city has had a few more unexpected power outages during its early days?

John: That’s a fair analogy, Lila. Solana’s speed and innovation are its strengths, but its primary weakness, or at least its most publicized one, has been network stability, which we should definitely discuss.

Risks & Cautions: The Flip Side of Innovation

John: Despite its impressive technology, Solana is not without its risks and challenges.

• Network Outages: This is the most significant concern. Solana has experienced several periods of network instability and outages, some lasting for hours. These have been attributed to various causes, including high computational load from bot activity targeting specific applications, bugs in the networking stack, or issues with how fees and prioritization are handled during extreme congestion. Each outage damages user confidence and highlights the complexities of maintaining such a high-performance network.
• Centralization Concerns: While Solana aims for decentralization, the hardware requirements to run a validator node (a computer participating in network consensus) are relatively high compared to some other networks. This can limit the number of individuals or smaller entities that can afford to participate as validators, potentially leading to a more concentrated set of validators. The Solana Foundation is actively working on initiatives to mitigate this, but it’s an ongoing concern.
• Complexity: The eight core innovations, while powerful, also make the system incredibly complex. This complexity can make it harder to debug issues and could potentially hide unknown vulnerabilities.
• Market Volatility: Like all cryptocurrencies, SOL is subject to high market volatility. Its price can be influenced by broader market trends, news related to the Solana ecosystem (both positive and negative), and speculative trading.
• Regulatory Uncertainty: The entire crypto space faces an evolving regulatory landscape. Future regulations could impact Solana’s development, adoption, or the legal status of SOL and dApps built on the platform.

Lila: Those network outages are definitely a big talking point. How has the Solana team and community responded to these incidents? Are they making progress in preventing them?

John: Yes, they’ve taken these incidents very seriously. After each outage, there’s typically a detailed post-mortem analysis, and software upgrades are rolled out to address the identified root causes. For example, they’ve introduced improvements to fee markets (how transaction fees are determined and prioritized) to better handle spam or high-demand situations, QUIC protocol adoption (a modern internet transport protocol), and stake-weighted Quality of Service (QoS – prioritizing traffic from staked validators). The development of Firedancer, the independent client, is also a major step towards resilience, as a bug in one client might not affect another.

Lila: So, it’s an ongoing process of hardening the network. It’s good to hear they’re actively addressing it. The validator hardware requirements are also interesting – it’s a trade-off, isn’t it? Higher requirements might enable more performance but could impact decentralization.

John: Precisely. It’s one of the many engineering trade-offs in blockchain design. The goal is to find the right balance that allows for high performance while still fostering a sufficiently decentralized and robust validator set. Initiatives like stake pools (allowing smaller SOL holders to delegate their stake to validators) help broaden participation indirectly.

Expert Opinions / Analyses: What Do the Analysts Say?

John: Expert opinions on Solana are generally a mix of excitement about its technological prowess and caution due to its past stability issues. Many analysts acknowledge that Solana’s architecture, particularly Proof-of-History and its parallel processing capabilities, represents a significant step forward in blockchain scalability. They see its potential to host applications that are simply not feasible on slower, more expensive chains.

Lila: So, a lot of “this technology is incredible, *if* they can make it consistently reliable”?

John: That’s a good summary of a common sentiment. The speed and low costs are undeniable advantages that attract developers and users. However, the network outages have led some analysts to be more conservative in their assessments, emphasizing that uptime and reliability are paramount for any platform aspiring to be foundational Web3 infrastructure. There’s also the competitive aspect; other Layer 1s and Layer 2 solutions are constantly evolving, so Solana needs to maintain its innovative edge while also solidifying its stability.

Lila: What about the long-term viability? Do experts see it as a true “Ethereum killer,” as some sensational headlines might suggest, or more as a complementary or niche platform?

John: The “Ethereum killer” narrative is often overblown. Most sober analysts see a multi-chain future where different blockchains cater to different needs or interoperate. Ethereum has immense network effects and is transitioning to a more scalable model itself. Solana might carve out a strong niche in areas demanding extreme throughput, like high-frequency DeFi, certain types of gaming, or DePIN. Some experts believe its performance advantages give it a genuine shot at capturing significant market share across various sectors, provided it overcomes its challenges. Others are more skeptical, pointing to the lead Ethereum has and the ongoing improvements in Ethereum’s own ecosystem. The success of Firedancer and continued network stability will be key factors influencing expert opinion going forward.

Latest News & Roadmap: Staying Up-to-Date

John: In terms of recent developments and the roadmap, the focus remains heavily on network upgrades and resilience. As we discussed, the ongoing development and testing of Firedancer is a major headline. Early tests have shown promising performance gains and, crucially, it represents client diversity. There’s also continuous work on improving the existing validator client software with incremental updates aimed at enhancing stability, efficiency, and security.

Lila: Beyond Firedancer, are there other exciting things on the roadmap that users or developers might be looking forward to? Any specific version releases or new features planned?

John: The Solana team and community are always working on improving the core protocol. This includes refinements to the fee markets to better handle network congestion, ongoing research into further scaling solutions, and enhancing the developer toolchain. Ecosystem growth is also a constant priority. You’ll often see news about major hackathons with significant prize pools to spur innovation, grant programs from the Solana Foundation to support promising projects, and partnerships with various companies to integrate Solana technology or build new applications.</ For example, developments around Token Extensions (or Token-2022 program) are quite significant, offering more sophisticated functionalities for tokens built on Solana, like transfer fees, interest-bearing tokens, or confidential transfers. These extensions expand the design space for developers building financial applications and other tokenized systems.

Lila: Token extensions sound like they could open up a lot of new possibilities for DeFi and beyond. For the average user, what would be the most noticeable impact of these ongoing developments?

John: For the average user, the most tangible impacts would be:

• Improved Network Reliability: Fewer service disruptions and a smoother user experience.
• Potentially Faster or Cheaper Transactions: Though Solana is already fast and cheap, ongoing optimizations could further enhance this.
• More Diverse and Innovative Applications: As the platform matures and new tools become available, developers will be able to build a wider range of more sophisticated dApps.
• Better User Interfaces and Experiences: As the ecosystem grows, wallets and dApps tend to become more user-friendly.

The ultimate goal is to make interacting with Solana applications as seamless and reliable as interacting with traditional web applications, but with the added benefits of decentralization and user ownership.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Lila: This has been incredibly comprehensive, John! Let’s try to distill some of this into a quick FAQ section for readers who want the key takeaways.

John: Excellent idea, Lila. You can start.

Lila: Okay, first one: What is the SOL token primarily used for?

John: SOL is the native utility token of the Solana network. Its main uses are:

• Transaction Fees: Paying for all operations on the network, like sending tokens or interacting with smart contracts.
• Staking: Users can stake their SOL with validators to help secure the network. In return, stakers earn rewards (more SOL).
• Governance: While still evolving, SOL is intended to be used for on-chain governance, allowing token holders to vote on protocol upgrades and network parameters.

Lila: Next: Is Solana truly decentralized?

John: This is a nuanced question. Solana aims for decentralization and has a growing number of validators worldwide. However, concerns exist due to the relatively high hardware requirements for running a validator, which could lead to a concentration of power among those who can afford it. The Nakamoto Coefficient (a measure of the minimum number of entities needed to compromise a network) for Solana is something the community watches closely. Efforts like Firedancer (multiple clients) and making validation more accessible are aimed at improving decentralization over time. So, it’s more decentralized than many systems but perhaps not as much as some older, more established blockchains with lower validator entry barriers, yet.

Lila: How about this classic: Can Solana replace Ethereum?

John: It’s unlikely one will completely “replace” the other in the near future. They have different strengths, weaknesses, and design philosophies. Ethereum has a massive lead in terms of network effect, developer mindshare, and total value locked in its DeFi ecosystem. Solana offers superior raw speed and lower transaction costs, making it attractive for different types of applications. Many envision a multi-chain future where various blockchains coexist, potentially specializing in different areas or even interoperating. Solana is a strong competitor, but “replacement” is a very high bar.

Lila: Good point. Here’s a practical one: How can someone buy Solana (SOL)?

John: SOL is a major cryptocurrency, so it’s available on most leading centralized cryptocurrency exchanges (like Coinbase, Binance, Kraken, etc.). The general steps are:

1. Choose a reputable exchange that lists SOL.
2. Create an account and complete any required identity verification (KYC – Know Your Customer).
3. Deposit fiat currency (like USD, EUR) or another cryptocurrency into your exchange account.
4. Navigate to the trading section, find the SOL trading pair (e.g., SOL/USD, SOL/BTC), and place an order to buy SOL.
5. Once purchased, you can keep it on the exchange (less secure, good for active trading) or withdraw it to a personal Solana-compatible wallet (more secure, recommended for long-term holding or interacting with dApps). Popular Solana wallets include Phantom, Solflare, and Ledger (hardware wallet).

Lila: And finally, to reiterate an important point: What are the main risks associated with Solana?

John: The main risks include:

• Network Instability: Its history of outages is a primary concern, though improvements are ongoing.
• Centralization Vectors: High validator hardware costs and the influence of Solana Labs/Foundation are points of discussion.
• Competition: The Layer 1 blockchain space is highly competitive, with many well-funded and innovative projects.
• Smart Contract Risks: Like any smart contract platform, dApps built on Solana can have bugs or vulnerabilities that could be exploited.
• Market Volatility and Regulatory Uncertainty: These are general risks for all cryptocurrencies.

Related Links

John: To wrap up, for readers who want to explore further, here are some essential resources:

Lila: Always good to point people in the right direction for more research!

John:

• Official Solana Website: https://solana.com – For official announcements, documentation, and ecosystem information.
• Solana Explorer: https://solscan.io or https://explorer.solana.com – To view transactions, blocks, accounts, and network statistics.
• Solana Foundation: https://solana.org – For information on grants, community initiatives, and the foundation’s role.
• Solana News & Community (e.g., Solana Reddit or Discord): Searching for “Solana Reddit” or “Solana Discord” will usually lead to active community hubs. Official Solana Twitter/X accounts are also good sources.

Lila: That covers a lot of ground, John! Solana is clearly a complex and ambitious project with a lot of potential, but also some significant hurdles to overcome. Its focus on speed and low costs is definitely shaking things up.

John: Indeed, Lila. It’s a project that exemplifies the cutting edge of blockchain technology, pushing the boundaries of what’s possible. As with any such innovation, there will be growing pains. Its journey will be fascinating to watch. And for our readers, please remember that this article is for informational purposes only and not financial advice. The cryptocurrency market is highly volatile.

Lila: Always do your own research (DYOR) before getting involved with any cryptocurrency project. Thanks for guiding us through Solana, John!

John: My pleasure, Lila. And thank you, readers, for joining us.

Solana, SOL, Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, High-Performance

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